1	Title
2	Why a Book about SRI? Inform the SRI staff members about their place of work and what it has accomplished Internally, history, depending on how it is told, can: Help define an enterprise and its culture Help define who you are and the context for your role The pride and self-determination of independent research: “I love to work here but I feel I work at, not for, SRI” Motivate Externally, history, depending on how it is told, can: Inform clients and the public; correct misconceptions Help define a reputation
3	Some Respected Character Traits of Research Vision - a new perspective, unique and unshakable Problem Solving – answering a specific need Dedication - life-long commitment to field of work Creativity - making a startling change in direction Objectivity - sway or spin not for sale Integrity - steadfastly consistent and honest Initiative - voluntary opening of a new course of action
4	Vision - The Origins of Personal Computing
5	Some Realizations of Doug Engelbart’s Vision Close and continuous computer access and responsiveness Rapid, real-time human-computer interaction facilitated by software standards and by new tools appropriate to display-centered work Responsive linkages among information objects and between collaborative knowledge workers regardless of their location
6	The First Computer Mouse (~1965)
7	A Watershed Event in the History of Computing 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference Civic Auditorium, San Francisco
8	SRI’s 1968 Demo of Interactive Computing
9	SRI’s 1968 Demo of Interactive Computing - Introduction -
10	SRI’s 1968 Demo of Interactive Computing - Hypertext -
11	SRI’s 1968 Demo of Interactive Computing - Video Conferencing and Joint File Creation -
12	An Important Confluence - Connectivity to Information and Collaborators Their operating environment, called NLS, provided close computer-enabled interaction among its participants Jointly created software and journals were daily affairs Electronic messaging existed under NLS When computer networking arose in 1969, SRI was the second such node and extending collaboration to distant people was a straightforward extension of what existed This group became the home of the Network Information Center, for over 20 years the entrance to computer networking: first the ARPANET and next the Internet
13	SRI’s Involvement in Early Computer Networking SRI’s Elmer Shapiro: led ARPA’s first ARPANET contract (1968); figure at left from final report helped write the RFP for the IMP suggested the Request for Comment form of network design and specification led first Networking Working Group wrote RFC 4 on ARPANET unfolding SRI received second IMP and first computer network transmission SRI helped define concepts such as: Network virtual terminal Network virtual circuit (“pipe”)
14	Problem-Solving - Perfecting Mobile Digital Radio
15	Some Elements of Packet Radio A natural outgrowth of the military context of the ARPANET Because of computer applications, ~100 percent accuracy required in a difficult radio environment Packet switching needed for ARPANET compatability and for handling the vagaries of propagation and noise when moving Chose spread spectrum and CDMA for reasons of detection and channel capacity Kahn and Cerf design TCP to bridge the two dissimilar nets Three places given implementation but SRI’s Jim Mathis builds the first version that works in a packet radio host
16	The First Two-Network (i)nternet Transmission - 27 August 1976 -
17	The First Three-Network (i)nternet Transmission - 22 November 1977 -
18	The Merging of Computing and Communications In the decade from 1968 to 1978 SRI’s contributions to the now pervasive world of integrated computing and communications were significant. From the first realization of real-time personal and collaborative computing on a single machine to the extension of that concept across arbitrary networks and irrelevant distances was, in retrospect, a huge advance. A prophetic vision materialized first on one machine, then one network, and then, through a bit of serendipity, the world of internets.
19	Problem-Solving - Perfecting Laser Photocoagulation
20	The Laser Photocoagulation Team
21	Coherent's Novus2000 Photocoagulator
22	"Vision's Time Extended"
23	Dedication - Weldon Gibson’s Global Reach
24	Instrumental in Putting SRI on the World Map For over 50 years Hoot worked to give SRI a global presence. He was the single most important person to extend SRI business overseas. With Henry Luce of Time Magazine he started the IIC - eleven quad-rennial conferences of world’s CEOs. In 1965 started Japan-Calif. Assoc. In 1967 helped found the Pacific Basin Economic Council whose members today having a combined sales of $4 trillion.
25	Dedication - Mas Tanabe’s Work in Steroids
26	Dr. Mas Tanabe
27	Chronology of Two SRI Anti-Estrogen Drugs
28	Innovation or Creativity - Surgical Telepresence a radical new method for surgery
29	SRI's NIH Proposal
30	From Inside the Patient
31	Time Magazine Excerpt
32	Intuitive Surgical's daVinci System
33	Innovation or Creativity - The Cash Management Account
34	Learning Consumer’s Financial Decisions - 1978
35	Some SRI Insights Banks had large profits on investment of passbook accounts Many households saw passbook and savings accounts as inflation hedges and, combined, held the equivalent of 50-100% of their annual income there Since average investors saw financial decisions as both important and complex, intertia governed most decisions Of the many separate financial service vendors, none were moving toward any revolutionary increase in customer convenience An awakened investor might yield this intertia to a simpler and integrated system that offered multiple products
36	SRI’s Creative Idea Takes Root at Merril Lynch Over day-long discussions at SRI with the Merrill Lynch CFO, SRI proposed an individual account that handled both cash as well as a range of different investments Most within Merrill Lynch, particularly the commission-centered brokers, were opposed; some thought of it as illegal Don Regan, president, made the decision to proceed and thus was born the Merrill Lynch Cash Management Account (CMA) Took 3 years to overcome States’ protection of banks, etc. By the mid-1980s M-L had over 1 million CMA customers
37	Objectivity - The Privatisation of British Telecom
38	The Privatisation of British Telecom (BT) From a 1982 decision by British government, SRI gets two critical tasks: 1) Aid in opening up one half of new cellular market 2) Place a valuation on BT for selling one half of its operations Extremely tight schedule imposed by Dept. of Trade and Industry on both Opening one half of cellular market to competition (proj.= $165K) Assist in the bid formation and evaluation processes Critical technology transitions from analog to digital worlds 3 months for cellular decision including repeated bid revisits Racal-Millcom wins; becomes Vodaphone, now world’s largest Sell 51 percent of BT to small British investors (proj.= $10K) Help British Gov’t and public determine worth of BT Compared cost and quality of service to European PT&Ts Six times bigger than any previous issue on London Exchange
39	Integrity - SRI’s Experience in Swedish Industry
40	Dennis Finnigan and the Swedish Order of the North Star
41	Initiative - Chasing down the “infringers” of SRI’s patents in ultrasonic imaging
42	SRI's work in ultrasonic imaging
43	SRI's Royalty Income History
44	A Propitious Time - SRI Helps Lay the Groundwork for Disneyland
45	Project “Mickey” Not the thematic aspects Select location Supervise construction Set up financial basis Concept of “official ven-dors” helps defray costs Two years to opening on 17 July 1955 Black Sunday Instant, ongoing success SRI players go their separate ways
46	Some Respected Character Traits of Research Vision - a new perspective, unique and unshakable Is this good or bad for an organization? Problem Solving – answering a specific need Work and money boundaries are critical to understand. Dedication - life-long commitment to field of work If relevant, difficult to replace. Creativity - making a startling change in direction The basis for all innovation, so encourage.
47	Some Respected Character Traits of Research Objectivity - sway or spin; not for sale Essential for research, its surrender must be for explicit and endorsed reasons Integrity - steadfastly consistent and honest If you can’t carry your organization’s name proudly, then help fix that or leave for someplace you can. Initiative - voluntary opening of a new course of action Without stated goals and objectives, deadly Under stated goals and objectives, indispensable
48	A Parade of Innovation
49	Mobile Robotics - An example of artificial intelligence -
50	Entrepreneurship - “Maybe I should start a new company to …”
51	Some Companies Started by SRI Alums Fair Isaac & Co. - credit scoring software manages 85% of world’s credit cards and 75% of world’s mortgages Raychem - $billion builder of electrical insulation products Failure Analysis Assoc. - analysis of failure modes and causes Verbatim - worldwide seller of storage products Katun Corp. - world’s largest supplier of copier/printer aftermarket parts - $360M (2001) 19K customers in 170 countries Symantec - began as AI-based database inquiry software (QandA) E*Trade - large online discount brokerage firm ANSA Software - created Paradox database system, sold to Borland in 1989 then bought by Corel in 1996 TGV - UNIX simulation and communications software, sold to Cisco in 1996 and 81 others listed in the book
52	Objectivity - Unbiasing Educational Research
53	Remaining Objective in Educational Research SRI has important roles in evaluating Congressionally- mandated changes to our education system, including components such as special ed and early childhood learning The edges of the political spectrum find their way into these education realms and hence into how people interpret them The information SRI collects on the efficacy of these changes gets scrutiny to favor certain social or educational biases Good examples are the permanence of early childhood learning projects such as Head Start and why there is a disproportionate excess of black students in special education
54	A Heritage of Innovation
55	Don Nielson Forty-year career at SRI From research engineer in 1959 to Vice President, Computer Science and Technology Division, in 1984 Led the SRI team that pioneered the first internet and mobile wireless communications “Retired” in 1998, but has never really left SRI SRI historian and Senior Staff Advisor Leader in the SRI Alumni Association Author of new book, A Heritage of Innovation – SRI’s First Half Century A tireless SRI Champion